Tuesday 4 October 2011

SOMETHING KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT AYURVEDA.........!!!!!!

                               Ayurveda

Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg
Dhanvantari, the Hindu god of Ayurveda worshipped at an Ayurveda expo, Bangalore 

 (Written by Dr. Swapnil K.K.Krishne)


                           Ayurveda (Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद; Āyurveda, "the complete knowledge for long life"; /ˌaɪ.ərˈveɪdə/[1]) or ayurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to India[2] and a form of alternative medicine.[3] In Sanskrit, words āyus, meaning "longevity", and veda, meaning "related to knowledge" or "science".[2][4] The earliest literature on Indian medical practice appeared during the Vedic period in India,[3] i.e., in the mid-second millennium BCE. The Suśruta Saṃhitā and the Caraka Saṃhitā[5] They are among the foundational works of Ayurveda. Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments .[6] are great encyclopedias of medicine compiled from various sources from the mid-first millennium BCE to about 500 CE.
Current practices derived (or reportedly derived) from Ayurvedic medicine are regarded as part of complementary and alternative medicine.[7] In India, ayurvedic practitioners are required to have at least a Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery degree.
Safety concerns have been raised about Ayurveda: Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, is a source of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic, and studies have indicated that around 20% of ayurvedic products available for sale in America contain dangerous levels of these minerals.[8][9][8][10] Likewise, some of the herbs used have toxic components, which are not always detoxified by the methods intended to do so.[11] In India, lack of proper surveillance and the small numbers of laboratories able to do the needed tests mean that the quality control of Ayurvedic products is problematic.[12]

                            Approach

 

The three doṣas and the 5 elements from which they are composed.
                                 At an early period, Ayurveda adopted the physics of the "five elements" (Devanāgarī: [महा] पञ्चभूत;Pṛthvī- (earth), Jala(water), Agni (fire), Vāyu (air) and Ākāśa (Sky)) — that compose the universe, including the human body.[2] Chyle or plasma (called rasa dhātu), blood (rakta dhātu), fleshmāṃsa dhātu), fat (medha dhātu), bone (asthi dhātu), marrow (majja dhātu), and semen or female reproductive tissue (śukra dhātu) are held to be the seven primary constituent elements – saptadhātu[13] Ayurvedic literature deals elaborately with measures of healthful living during the entire span of life and its various phases. Ayurveda stresses a balance of three elemental energies or humors: Vāyu vāta (air & space – "wind"), pitta (fire & water – "bile") and kapha (water & earth – "phlegm"). According to ayurvedic medical theory, these three substances — doṣas (literally that which deteriorates – Devanāgarī: दोष)—are important for health, because when they exist in equal quantities, the body will be healthy, and when they are not in equal amounts, the body will be unhealthy in various ways. One ayurvedic theory asserts that each human possesses a unique combination of doṣas that define that person's temperament and characteristics. Another view, also present in the ancient literature, asserts that humoral equality is identical to health, and that persons with preponderances of humours are proportionately unhealthy, and that this is not their natural temperament. In ayurveda, unlike the Sāṅkhya philosophical system, there are 20 fundamental qualities, guṇa (Devanāgarī: गुण, meaning qualities) inherent in all substances.[14] Surgery and surgical instruments were employed from a very early period,[14] Ayurvedic theory asserts that building a healthy metabolic system, attaining good digestion, and proper excretion leads to vitality.[14] Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, yoga, and meditation[15] ( (Devanāgarī: सप्तधातु) of the body.
The practice of panchakarma (Devanāgarī: पंचकर्म‌) is a therapeutic regime of eliminating toxic elements from the body.[16]
As early as the Mahābhārata, ayurveda was called "the science of eight components" (Skt. aṣṭāṅga,[17] Devanāgarī: अष्टांग), a classification that became canonical for ayurveda. They are:
In Hindu mythology, the origin of ayurvedic medicine is attributed to the physician of the god Dhanvantari.[18]

                                Practices

 

 Balance

Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—notable examples being that of Hinduism and ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of the Madhyamaka (middle path)—who wrote medical works The Hundred Prescriptions and The Precious Collection, among others.[19]
Hinduism and Buddhism have been an influence on the development of many of ayurveda's central ideas — particularly its fascination with balance, known in Buddhism as Madhyamaka (Devanāgarī: माध्यात्मिक).[20][20] However, people are cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure.[20] For example, emphasis is placed on moderation of food intake,[2] sleep, sexual intercourse.[20] Balance is emphasized; suppressing natural urges is seen to be unhealthy, and doing so claimed lead to illness.

   Diagnosis

The Charaka Samhita recommends a tenfold examination of the patient.[21]
  • constitution
  • abnormality
  • essence
  • stability
  • body measurements
  • diet suitability
  • psychic strength
  • digestive capacity
  • physical fitness
  • age
In addition, Chopra (2003) identifies five influential criteria for diagnosis:[21]
  • origin of the disease
  • prodrominal (precursory) symptoms
  • typical symptoms of the fully developed disease
  • observing the effect of therapeutic procedures
  • the pathological process'
Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using all five senses.[21] Hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech.[13] The study of the lethal points or marman marma is of special importance.[14] Ayurvedic doctors regard physical and mental existence together with personality as a unit, each element having the capacity to influence the others. One of the fundamental aspects of ayurvedic medicine is to take this into account during diagnosis and therapy.

 Hygiene

Hygiene is an Indian cultural value and a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye washing. Daily anointing of the body with oil is also prescribed.[13]

Treatments

Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments. Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed, including cardamom and cinnamon. Some animal products may also be used, for example milk, bones, and gallstones. In addition, fats are used both for consumption and for external use. Minerals, including sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate and gold are also consumed as prescribed.[13] This practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is known as rasa shastra.
  • Foot massage
  • Head massage
  • Facemask
  • Massage table
  • Steambox

  Srotas

Ensuring the proper functions of channels (srotas) that transport fluids from one point to another is a vital goal of ayurvedic medicine, because the lack of healthy srotas is thought to cause rheumatism, epilepsy, autism, paralysis, convulsions, and insanity. Practitioners induce sweating and prescribe steam-based treatments as a means to open up the channels and dilute the doshas that cause the blockages and lead to disease

History

The mantra ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ written on rocks. Chanting mantras has been a feature of ayurveda since the Atharvaveda, the vedic spiritual text, was compiled.[24]
 
One vie
Cataract in human eye – magnified view seen on examination with a slit lamp. Cataract surgery was known to the physician Sushruta in the early centuries of the first millennium AD,[26] and was performed with a special tool called the jabamukhi salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the obstructing phlegm and push it out of the field of vision.[26][26] The eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged.
                                                One view of the early history of ayurveda asserts that around 1500 BC, ayurveda's fundamental and applied principles got organised and enunciated. In this historical construction, Ayurveda traces its origins to the Vedas, Atharvaveda in particular, and is connected to Hindu religion. Atharvaveda (one of the four most ancient books of Indian knowledge, wisdom and culture) contains 114 hymns or formulations for the treatment of diseases. Ayurveda originated in and developed from these hymns. In this sense, ayurveda is considered by some to have divine origin. Indian medicine has a long history, and is one of the oldest organised systems of medicine. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of the Atharvaveda, which may possibly date as far back as the 2nd millennium BC. According to a later writer, the system of medicine was received by Dhanvantari from Brahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times his status was gradually reduced, until he was credited with having been an earthly king[13] named Divodasa.[25] It has also been proposed[who?] that ayurvedic theory and practice owes a great deal to the practices and ideas of the ascetic milieu of the fifth to the third centuries BCE. This would include the early Buddhists, the Ajivikas, the Jains, and the ascetics mentioned in the Upanisads, as well as non-denominational renouncers
                               Underwood & Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian medicine identified 'fever (takman), cough, consumption, diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses, seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (including leprosy)'.[13] Treatment of complex ailments, including angina pectoris, diabetes, hypertension, and stones, also ensued during this period.[6][27] Plastic surgery, cataract surgery, puncturing to release fluids in the abdomen, extraction of foreign elements, treatment of anal fistulas, treating fractures, amputations, cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds were known.[13] The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread.[13] The Charaka Samhita text is arguably the principal classic reference. It gives emphasis to the triune nature of each person: body care, mental regulation, and spiritual/consciousness refinement.
Other early works of ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka.[13] The earliest surviving excavated written material which contains references to the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript, dated to the 6th century AD. The Bower manuscript is of special interest to historians due to the presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in Central Asia.[28] Vagbhata, the son of a senior doctor by the name of Simhagupta,[29] also compiled his works on traditional medicine.[13] Early ayurveda had a school of physicians and a school of surgeons.[3] Tradition holds that the text Agnivesh tantra, written by the sage Agnivesh, a student of the sage Bharadwaja, influenced the writings of ayurveda.[30]
The Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien (ca. 337–422 AD) wrote about the health care system of the Gupta empire[31] Madhava (fl. 700), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300), and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine.[28] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (ca. 750).[32] These Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[32] In Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[32] (320–550) and described the institutional approach of Indian medicine, also visible in the works of Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped.
British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasty being performed by native methods.[33] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1794.[33] Joseph Constantine Carpue[33] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the western world in 1815.[34] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western World.[34] spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.

                               Current status

Within India

In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aims to standardize qualifications for ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for its study and research was passed by the Parliament of India.[35] In India, over 100 colleges offer degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine.[15] The Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda through many channels at both the national and state levels, and helps institutionalize traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities.[36] The state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) has been set up to research the subject.[37]biopiracy and unethical patents, the Government of India, in 2001, set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library as repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda, unani and siddha.[38][39] The library also has 50 traditional ayurveda books digitized and available online.[40] To fight
Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) a statutory body established in 1971, under Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, monitors higher education in ayurveda.[41] The Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) degree is the basic five-and-a-half year course of graduation. It includes eighteen different subjects comprising courses on anatomy with cadaver dissections, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, modern clinical medicine & clinical surgery, pediatrics, along with subjects on ayurveda like Charaka Samhita, history and evolution of ayurveda, identification and usage of herbs (dravyaguna), and ayurvedic philosophy in diagnostics and treatment.[citation needed] Many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes.

                                     Outside India

A typical ayurvedic Pharmacy, Rishikesh.

 

Several international and national initiatives have been formed to legitimize the education and practice of ayurvedic medicine as CAM in countries outside India:
  • WHO policy of traditional medicine practice[42] and standardized benchmarks for training of Ayurvedic practitioners[43]
  • The European Federation for Complementary and Alternative Medicine[44]
The European Ayurveda Association 

In Sri Lanka

 

Due to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the world, the unregulated practice and commercialization of ayurvedic medicine has raised ethical and legal issues; in some cases, this damages the reputation of ayurvedic medicine outside India.

In the United States

Early contributors to the promotion of Ayurveda in the United States include the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation group along with Deepak Chopra.[citation needed] Other important early promoters include David Frawley, Vasant Lad, Robert Svoboda, John Douillard, Sarita Shrestha and Marc Halpern.[citation needed] In 1995, the California College of Ayurveda became the first State-Approved institution for training practitioners of Ayurveda in the United States marking the beginning of the formalization of Ayurvedic education in the United States.[citation needed] In 1997, Marc Halpern and several graduates of the California College of Ayurveda formed the California Association of Ayurvedic Medicine. This association was the first State association promoting the interests of Ayurveda in the United States.[citation needed] In 1998, four individuals founded the National Ayurvedic Medical Association. These four individuals were Marc Halpern, Wynn Werner, Kumar Batra and Cynthia Copple.[citation needed] In 2009, the United States of America National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health expended $1.2 million[52] of its $123 million annual budget on ayurvedic medicine-related research.


Patents

In December 1993, the University of Mississippi Medical Center had a patent issued to them by United States Patent and Trademark Office on the use of turmeric for healing.[53] The patent was contested by India's industrial research organization, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), on the grounds that traditional ayurvedic practitioners were already aware of the healing properties of the substance for centuries, and that this prior art made the patent a case of bio-piracy[citation needed]. R A Mashelkar, director-general of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, made the following observation:[54]
This is a significant development of far-reaching consequences for the protection of the traditional knowledge base in the public domain, which has been an emotional issue for not only the people of India but also for the other third world countries.

 In the United Kingdom

Ayurveda was introduced to UK in the early 1980s. In 2001, Thames Valley University started the first degree qualification in Ayurveda. It was followed by Manipal Ayurvedic University of Europe (BSc in Ayurveda) in 2006 and Middlesex University offering bachelors and masters degree programmes in Ayurveda.[citation needed]
The Secretary of State for Health announced in February 2011 that the Health Professions Council (HPC) has been asked to establish a statutory register for practitioners supplying unlicensed herbal medicines including Ayurveda. A formal consultation exercise was to take place on specific legislative proposals for establishing the register and proposed reforms of medicines legislation later in 2011. Subject to Parliamentary procedures, the Department of Health aimed to have the legislation in place in 2012.[citation needed]

  Journals

There are two PubMed-indexed journals focusing on Ayurveda, the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (JAIM),[55] and The International Journal for Ayurveda Research (IJAR)[56]

                        Scientific evidence

In studies in mice, the leaves of Terminalia arjuna have been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.[57]
As a traditional medicine, many ayurveda products have not been tested in rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials. In India, research in ayurveda is largely undertaken by the statutory body of the Central Government, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through a national network of research institutes.[58] A systematic review of ayurveda treatments for rheumatoid arthritis[59] A review of ayurveda and cardiovascular disease concluded that the evidence for ayurveda was was not convincing, though some herbs seemed promising.[60] concluded that there was insufficient evidence, as most of the trials were not done properly, and the one high-quality trial showed no benefits.
Two varieties of Salvia have been tested in small trials; one trial provided evidence that Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) may improve word recall in young adults,[61] and another provided evidence that Salvia officinalis (Common sage) may improve symptoms in Alzheimer's patients.[62] Many plants used as rasayana (rejuvenation) medications are potent antioxidants.[63] Neem appears to have beneficial pharmacological properties.[64]

Safety

Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, is a source of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic.[8] Adverse reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and the reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available.[11]
A 2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20% of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area. The study authors concluded that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for heavy-metal contamination.[9] A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of rasa shastra medicines) purchased over the Internet from both US and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic.[8][10][65]
Ayruvedic proponents believe that the toxicity of these materials is reduced through purification processes such as samskaras or shodhanas (for metals), similar to the Chinese pao zhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques. However, these products have nonetheless caused severe lead poisoning and other toxic effects.[8][10] Due to these concerns, the Government of India ruled that ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product,[12] but, writing on the subject for Current Science, a publication of the Indian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan noted that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time.[12]

 Notes

  1. ^ Wells, John C. (2009). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. London: Pearson Longman. 
  2. ^ a b c d Chopra 2003, p. 75
  3. ^ a b c d "Ayurveda". New Delhi, India: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. http://indianmedicine.nic.in/ayurveda.asp. 
  4. ^ Sharma, H. M.; Bodeker, Gerard C (1997). "Alternative Medicine (medical system)". Encyclopædia Britannica (2008 ed.). 
  5. ^ Wujastyk (2003)
  6. ^ a b Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007)
  7. ^ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (Fall 2005/Winter 2006). "A Closer Look at Ayurvedic Medicine". Focus on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Bethesda, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), US National Institutes of Health (NIH)) XII (4). http://nccam.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2006_winter/ayurveda.htm. [dead link]
  8. ^ a b c d e Saper, R. B.; Phillips, R. S. et al. (2008). "Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured ayurvedic Medicines Sold via the Internet". Journal of the American Medical Association 300 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.915. PMC 2755247. PMID 18728265. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2755247. 
  9. ^ a b Saper, R. B.; Kales, S. N.; Paquin, J. et al. (2004). "Heavy Metal Content of Ayurveda Herbal Medicine Products". Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (23): 2868–2673. doi:10.1001/jama.292.23.2868. PMID 15598918. 
  10. ^ a b c Ellin, Abby (September 17, 2008). "Skin Deep: Ancient, but How Safe?". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/fashion/18skin.html. Retrieved September 19, 2008. "A report in the August 27 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association found that nearly 21% of 193 ayurvedic herbal supplements bought online, produced in both India and the United States, contained lead, mercury or arsenic." 
  11. ^ a b Urmila, T; Supriya, B. (2008). "Pharmacovigilance of Ayurvedic Medicines in India". Indian Journal of Pharmacology 40 (S1): 10–12. http://www.bioline.org.br/request?ph08015. 
  12. ^ a b c Valiathan, M. S. (2006). "Ayurveda: Putting the House in Order". Current Science (Indian Academy of Sciences) 90 (1): 5–6. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102006/contents.htm. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Underwood & Rhodes (2008)
  14. ^ a b c d Chopra 2003, p. 76
  15. ^ a b <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2008). "Ayurveda". Encarta. Redmond, WA: Microsoft. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596196/Ayurveda.html. 
  16. ^ Sharma, A. K. (2003). "Panchkarma Therapy in Ayurvedic Medicine". In Mishra, Lakshmi Chandra. Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-8493-1366-X. 
  17. ^ a b Chopra 2003, p. 80
  18. ^ Dhanvantari. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 04, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160641/Dhanvantari
  19. ^ Clifford, Terry (2003). Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry. 42. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 81-208-1784-2.
  20. ^ a b c d Wujastyk, p. XVIII
  21. ^ a b c Chopra 2003, p. 79
  22. ^ Wujastyk, p. XX
  23. ^ Wujastyk, pp. XIX-XX
  24. ^ Kasulis, Thomas P.; Aimes, Roger T.; Dissanayake, Wimal (1993). Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-7914-1079-X. 
  25. ^ Singh, P.B.; Pravin S. Rana (2002). Banaras Region: A Spiritual and Cultural Guide. Varanasi: Indica Books. p. 31. ISBN 81-86569-24-3. 
  26. ^ a b c Finger, p. 66
  27. ^ Lock et al., p. 836
  28. ^ a b Wujastyk, p. XXVI
  29. ^ Wujastyk, p. 224
  30. ^ Ṭhākara, Vināyaka Jayānanda (1989). Methodology of Research in Ayurveda. Jamnagar, India: Gujarat Ayurved University Press. p. 7. 
  31. ^ Wujastyk, pp. XV-XVI
  32. ^ a b c Lock et al., p. 607
  33. ^ a b c Lock "et al., p. 651
  34. ^ a b Lock et al., p. 652
  35. ^ a b Wujastyk, p. XXII
  36. ^ Wujastyk, p. XVI
  37. ^ http://ccras.nic.in/
  38. ^ Traditional Knowledge Digital Library website.
  39. ^ "Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India". PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests. May 6, 2010. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61511. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  40. ^ 50 Ayurveda books online Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (Govt. of India)
  41. ^ CCIM. Ccimindia.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  42. ^ SEA/RC55/13. Searo.who.int. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  43. ^ Benchmarks for Training in Ayurveda. World Health Organization. Switzerland (2010) ISBN 978 9241599627
  44. ^ European Federation for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (EFCAM). Efcam.eu. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  45. ^ Ayurveda Start. P121583.mittwaldserver.info. Retrieved on 2011-02-15.
  46. ^ Institute of indigenous Medicine. Iim.cmb.ac.lk. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  47. ^ Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute[dead link]
  48. ^ About: Gampaha Siddhayurveda Rasayanaushada Samagama. Siddhayurveda.lk. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  49. ^ Skolnick, Andrew A. (1991). "The Maharishi Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals". ScienceWriters (New York, NY: National Association of Science Writers) Fall. Archived from the original on Jul 16, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  50. ^ Skolnick, A. A. (1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health'". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (13): 1741–2. doi:10.1001/jama.266.13.1741. PMID 1817475. 
  51. ^ National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines – Report of a WHO Global Survey
  52. ^ NihReporter Query Form. Projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-08-29.
  53. ^ US Patent No. 5,401,504
  54. ^ Kumar, Sanjay. India wins battle with USA over turmeric patent. The Lancet, Volume 350, Issue 9079, Page 724, 6 September 1997. The Lancet, Volume 350, Issue 9079, Page 724, 6 September 1997
  55. ^ "Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine". homepage. http://www.jaim.in. Retrieved Aug 23, 20011. 
  56. ^ "International Journal for Ayurveda Research". homepage. http://www.ijaronline.com/. Retrieved May 1, 2009. 
  57. ^ Moulisha Biswas, Kaushik Biswas, Tarun K Karan, Sanjib Bhattacharya, Ashoke K Ghosh, and Pallab K Haldar, Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Terminalia arjuna leaf, Journal of Phytology 2011, 3(1): 33-38.
  58. ^ "Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (Government of India)". http://www.ccras.nic.in/. 
  59. ^ Park, J.; Ernst, E. (2005). "Ayurvedic Medicine for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 34 (5): 705–713. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2004.11.005. PMID 15846585. 
  60. ^ Mamtani, R.; Mamtani, R. (2005). "Ayurveda and Yoga in Cardiovascular Diseases". Cardiology Review 13 (3): 155–162. doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000128730.31658.36. PMID 15834238. 
  61. ^ Tildesley, N. T.; Kennedy, D. O.; Perry, E. K. et al. (2003). "Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish Sage) Enhances Memory in Healthy Young Volunteers". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (3): 669–674. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00122-9. PMID 12895685. 
  62. ^ Akhondzadeh, S.; Noroozian, M.; Mohammadi, M.; Ohadinia, S.; Jamshidi, A. H.; Khani M. (2003). "Salvia officinalis Extract in the Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Double Blind, Randomized and Placebo-controlled Trial". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 28 (1): 53–59. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x. PMID 12605619. 
  63. ^ Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Pushpangadan, P. (2005). "Antioxidant Approach to Disease Management and the Role of 'Rasayana' Herbs of Ayurveda". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.035. PMID 15894123. 
  64. ^ Subapriya, R.; Nagini, S. (2005). "Medicinal Properties of Neem Leaves: A Review". Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 5 (2): 149–6. doi:10.2174/1568011053174828. PMID 15777222. 
  65. ^ Szabo, Liz (August 26, 2008). "Study Finds Toxins in Some Herbal Medicines". USA Today (McLean, VA: Gannett Co). http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-08-26-ayurvedic-medicines_N.htm. 
'What is Ayurvedic Medicine', http://www.dr-wakde.com/Ayurvedic_medicine1.html

 References


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